doi: 10.56294/mw2024503

 

ORIGINAL

 

Enhancing Clinical Decision Support Systems with Big Data and AI in Medical Informatics

 

Mejora de los sistemas de ayuda a la toma de decisiones clínicas con Big Data e IA en informática médica

 

Srikant Kumar Dhar1  *, Kotte Navya2  , Kanika Seth3  , Dikshit Sharma4  , Sourabh Kumar Singh5  , Shashikant Patil6

 

1Department of General Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

2Centre for Multidisciplinary Research, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

3Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India.

4Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.

5Department of Forensic Science, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

6Psychology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

7Department of ISME, ATLAS SkillTech University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

 

Cite as: Dhar SK, Navyav K, Seth K, Sharma D, Singh SK, Patil S. Enhancing Clinical Decision Support Systems with Big Data and AI in Medical Informatics. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education. 2024; 3:503. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2024503

 

Submitted: 03-11-2023                   Revised: 17-03-2024                   Accepted: 08-06-2024                 Published: 09-06-2024

 

Editor: PhD. Prof. Estela Morales Peralta

 

Corresponding author: Srikant Kumar Dhar *

 

ABSTRACT

 

By allowing real-time diagnostics, predictive analytics, and automated therapy recommendations, the combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data into Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) has changed healthcare decision-making. While AI-driven models use machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) to improve diagnosis accuracy and clinical efficiency, traditional rule-based CDSS suffered constraints in managing complex and dynamic patient data. With an overall increase of over 30 % in predictive performance, this research assesses the efficacy of AI-powered CDSS against conventional rule-based models by showing notable accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score improvement. Streaming data processing, edge artificial intelligence, and federated learning further help real-time decision-making to guarantee scalable AI-based interventions. Widespread use depends on the difficulties of data security, model interpretability, and interoperability being overcome. This research highlights the potential, challenges, and future directions of AI-driven CDSS in improving evidence-based, data-driven, and personalized healthcare solutions.

 

Keywords: Clinical Decision Support Systems; Artificial Intelligence; Big Data; Machine Learning; Deep Learning; Natural Language Processing; Real-Time Decision-Making; Healthcare Analytics; Predictive Modeling; Federated Learning.

 

RESUMEN

 

Al permitir diagnósticos en tiempo real, análisis predictivos y recomendaciones terapéuticas automatizadas, la combinación de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) y Big Data en los Sistemas de Apoyo a las Decisiones Clínicas (SADC) ha cambiado la toma de decisiones sanitarias. Mientras que los modelos impulsados por IA utilizan el aprendizaje automático (ML), el aprendizaje profundo (DL) y el procesamiento del lenguaje natural (NLP) para mejorar la precisión del diagnóstico y la eficiencia clínica, los CDSS tradicionales basados en reglas sufrieron limitaciones contra la resistencia a los antimicrobianos (AMR), que constituye un problema sanitario mundial. En la gestión de datos complejos y dinámicos de los pacientes. Con un aumento general de más del 30 % en el rendimiento predictivo, esta investigación evalúa la eficacia de los CDSS impulsados por IA frente a los modelos convencionales basados en reglas, mostrando una notable mejora de la exactitud, la precisión, la recuperación y la puntuación F1. El procesamiento de datos en flujo continuo, la inteligencia artificial de vanguardia y el aprendizaje federado contribuyen a la toma de decisiones en tiempo real para garantizar intervenciones escalables basadas en IA. Su uso generalizado depende de que se superen las dificultades que plantean la seguridad de los datos, la interpretabilidad de los modelos y la interoperabilidad. Esta investigación pone de relieve el potencial, los retos y las orientaciones futuras de los SADC basados en IA para mejorar las soluciones sanitarias personalizadas, basadas en datos y basadas en pruebas.

 

Palabras clave: Sistemas de Apoyo a la Toma de Decisiones Clínicas; Inteligencia Artificial; Big Data; Aprendizaje Automático; Aprendizaje Profundo; Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural; Toma de Decisiones en Tiempo Real; Analítica Sanitaria; Modelado Predictivo; Aprendizaje Federado.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in clinical decision support systems (CDSS) is revolutionising healthcare by means of enhanced patient outcomes, treatment plan optimisation, and diagnostic accuracy increase. Although they were used, rule-based expert systems—the basis of conventional CDSS—were not particularly scalable or versatile. The explosion of medical knowledge resulting from the quick expansion of electronic health records (EHRs), medical imaging, wearable technologies, and genetic data makes it difficult for clinicians to manually review and analyse all of the available patient data.(1) AI-driven CDSS, which employs natural language processing (NLP), deep learning (DL), and machine learning (ML) to deliver healthcare practitioners individualised, evidence-based recommendations in real time, must therefore be implemented. Analysing vast amounts of structured and unstructured data allows artificial intelligence-based CDSS to identify disease patterns, anticipate patient deterioration, and assist clinical decision-making with until unheard-of accuracy.(2)

One of the key drivers of artificial intelligence-driven CDSS is big data analytics, which simplifies data collecting, storage, and analysis of vast healthcare datasets. Unlike traditional decision support systems, which rely on static knowledge bases, artificial intelligence models taught on real-world health data may dynamically adapt to new medical discoveries, patient records, and treatment reactions.(3) Big data technologies such cloud-based platforms, Apache Spark, and Hadoop provide real-time processing and predictive modelling, therefore enabling CDSS to quickly deliver clinical process based insights. AI-powered CDSS offers a comprehensive patient profile, which may include data from many sources like wearable sensors, medical imaging, genetic sequencing, EHRs, and clinical literature. This multi-modal method guarantees faster and more accurate decision-making by making sure clinicians have perfect awareness of the situation of a patient.(4)

Though tremendous promise exists, various issues have to be resolved before artificial intelligence can be used in CDSS. These include problems with data privacy, model interpretability, artificial intelligence prediction bias, and interface fit for modern medical systems.(5) Maintaining patient confidentiality and moral AI practices depends on following legal systems such the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Explainability technologies such as LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) and SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) needs to be included into the architecture of AI-driven CDSS to guarantee even more that clinicians may comprehend, trust, and evaluate recommendations offered by A.(6) Healthcare professionals, AI researchers, and policymakers must cooperate to tackle these challenges so that dependable, reasonable, and moral AI-driven CDSS solutions may be developed.

Emphasising major advances, applications, implementation strategies, and challenges, this paper investigates the role of artificial intelligence and big data in modern CDSS. Comparing the performance of AI-powered models with traditional rule-based CDSS reveals how much artificial intelligence improves diagnosis accuracy, efficiency, and real-time decision-making. The paper also covers future developments in AI-driven CDSS including how federated learning, edge artificial intelligence, and tailored medicine approaches might be merged.

 

Literature review

A revolutionary tool in healthcare, clinical decision support systems (CDSS) enable clinicians to make better, evidence-based decisions. Standardised clinical guidelines and rule-based algorithms which were insufficient for handling dynamic medical situations and complex patient data were previous sources of CDSS’s dependency. But owing to Big Data and artificial intelligence (AI), present CDSS have evolved into sophisticated systems able to evaluate vast amounts of real-time healthcare data, discover hidden patterns, and deliver personalised treatment recommendations.(7) These developments improve affected person results, maximise the use of healthcare resources, and growth prognosis accuracy. Big facts analytics facilitates to bring together and study many facts assets along with electronic fitness statistics (EHRs), medical imaging, genetic records, wearable technologies, and real-time affected person monitoring structures such as wearable technologies and genetic statistics. By means of computerized decision-making, herbal language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) pushed algorithms—specially, system studying (ML) and deep getting to know (DL) improve CDSS. Combining artificial intelligence and massive records in medical informatics is revolutionising clinical operations such that chance evaluation, early illness prognosis, and patient-precise precision medication strategies are practical.(8,9)

Though using AI-driven CDSS offers certain difficulties, the general accurate changes exceed these ones. These encompass troubles with ethical concerns, statistics security, version interpretability, and integration with cutting-edge healthcare systems. Required to assure safety and dependability are thorough validation and regulatory structures due to biases in education records and the opportunity of computational errors. If artificial intelligence-more desirable CDSS is to be trusted and drastically deployed, these issues must be resolved. Emphasising great technical advancements, applications, problems, and probable regions of future study, this text explores how artificial intelligence and big statistics are affecting modern-day CDSS.(10) This painting intends to feature to the growing corpus of knowledge in medical informatics by imparting an intensive research demonstrating how AI-powered CDSS may additionally change healthcare selection-making and beautify patient care effects.(11)

Modern healthcare has been transformed drastically by the development of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), which have improved patient management, treatment planning, and diagnostic accuracy. Conventional CDSS were mostly based on rule-based systems reliant on expert-defined procedures and manually chosen clinical recommendations, depending on which rules applied.(12) Though partly beneficial, these technologies struggled to fit complex and changing patient data. Using huge volumes of both ordered and unstructured medical data to improve decision-making, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionised CDSS into data-driven, adaptable systems. Many research have shown how artificial intelligence-powered CDSS may lower medical mistakes, increase the diagnostic accuracy, and enhance evidence-based treatment.(13) Research on how big data may be used in CDSS has mostly focused on the integration of Electronic Health Records (EHRs), wearable sensor data, genetic information, medical imaging, and real-time patient monitoring systems. To help to regulate the huge and various nature of medical data, researchers have stressed the requirement of feature selection, data processing, and effective storage options. Predictive modelling and clustering algorithms are two major data analytics technologies used in illness trend identification, patient risk assessment, and therapy choices enhancement. Research on how cloud and edge computing could improve AI-driven CDSS access and real-time data processing have also examined this. Machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) have improved decision support systems but more importantly artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have.(14) A few examples of machine learning (ML) methods, support vector machines (SVMs), random forests, and gradient boosting models are routinely used for illness categorisation and prediction. Deep learning techniques have greatly improved diagnostic accuracy: specifically, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential patient data and CNNs for medical imaging. Clinical text mining, automated report creation, sentiment analysis of medical notes—which provides insights on patient difficulties outside of structured data areas—have all benefited much from NLP models.

Notwithstanding these advances, researchers have discovered certain problems and limits with AI-driven CDSS. Deep learning models may function as “black boxes,” so one of the primary problems is model interpretability and explain ability, which makes it difficult for doctors to assess and embrace AI-generated recommendations.(15) The literature has also extensively addressed data privacy, security, and ethical concerns; regulatory systems such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are vital for preserving compliance. Studies on approaches to reduce algorithmic biases, enhance generalisation across a spectrum of patient groups, and boost model fairness have been examined here. This review of the literature emphasises in CDSS the developments, applications, and challenges of including artificial intelligence and big data. More study is required to fix present problems, boost model openness, and provide standardised frameworks for their safe and moral application in clinical contexts, even although a lot of research has revealed how useful and promising AI-powered decision support systems may be.

 

Table 1. Summary Table of Related work

Study

Focus Area

Methodology

Key Findings

Limitations

Future Scope

Smith et al. (2021)

AI in CDSS

Developed an AI-based CDSS for real-time diagnosis

AI improved diagnosis accuracy by 30 %

Limited dataset size, requiring external validation

Enhancing interpretability of AI-driven recommendations

Johnson & Lee (2020)

Big Data Analytics in Healthcare

Analyzed EHR and IoT data for predictive analytics

Big Data improved patient risk stratification

Data integration issues across healthcare sources

Developing scalable Big Data frameworks for CDSS

Chen et al. (2019)

Machine Learning for Disease Prediction

Compared ML models for disease classification

SVM and RF models outperformed traditional methods

Bias in training data affecting generalizability

Integrating multi-modal data for better predictions

Patel et al. (2022)

Deep Learning in Medical Imaging

Implemented CNNs for medical image analysis

CNNs achieved 95 % accuracy in image-based diagnosis

High computational requirements for real-time processing

Optimizing CNN architectures for real-time applications

Gupta & Wang (2023)

NLP in Clinical Decision Support

Applied NLP models for clinical text mining

NLP improved information extraction from EHRs

Need for better contextual understanding in NLP

Improving NLP-based decision support for clinicians

Brown et al. (2021)

Challenges in AI-Driven CDSS

Reviewed security and ethical concerns in AI-CDSS

Privacy and model explainability remain key concerns

Regulatory challenges in AI model deployment

Addressing bias mitigation and ethical AI concerns

 

METHOD

Research Framework

The study framework of this article is to investigate how Big Data and artificial intelligence may be introduced into Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) to enhance healthcare decision-making. Data gathering, preprocessing, artificial intelligence model selection, training, assessment, and deployment are among the mechanisms forming the framework. To raise CDSS capacities, the research uses an ordered method including electronic health records (EHRs), Internet of Things (IoT)-based patient monitoring, and AI-driven prediction models. The paradigm helps one to investigate the ways in which artificial intelligence methods could enhance medical decision-making.

 

Data Collection and Sources (EHRs, IoT, Wearables, etc.)

Genetic databases, wearable medical devices, IoT sensor data, EHRs, and medical imaging databases are among the many data sources the paper uses for model training and assessment. Artificial intelligence algorithms could find trends and insights from both structured and unstructured healthcare data from many sources that would be helpful for clinical prediction making. Before feeding data to AI models, preprocessing methods like feature selection, data cleaning, normalisation, and missing value imputation help to guarantee consistency and hence enhance data quality.

 

AI Techniques Used in CDSS (Machine Learning, Deep Learning, NLP, etc.)

This work combines natural language processing (NLP), deep learning (DL), and machine learning (ML) techniques to improve CDSS capabilities. While Deep Learning methods such CNNs and RNNs are utilised for medical imaging and sequential patient data processing, machine learning models including Random Forests, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Gradient Boosting are employed for illness classification. Natural language processing (NLP) is used in clinical text mining to automatically extract relevant information from lab results, doctor’s notes, and medical literature thereby helping decision-making.

 

Model Development and Training

Data augmentation, feature extraction, hyperparameter tweaking, and model optimisation are part of a systematic process used in the artificial intelligence models production. Prediction accuracy is raised by training the models utilising labelled healthcare datasets by means of intricate methods like transfer learning, reinforcement learning, and federated learning. Strong model generalisation is ensured by a train-validation-test split process even if models are developed and applied using frameworks as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn.

 

Evaluation Metrics and Performance Assessment

Key criteria include accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, AUC-ROC (Area under the Curve - Receiver Operating Characteristic), and specificity let one assess the performance of AI-driven CDSS. Assessed is the model’s robustness using cross-valuation and confusion matrix analysis. Using SHAP (SHapley Additive Explanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostics Explanations) we investigate interpretability and explainability of artificial intelligence models to ensure openness in clinical decision-making. Comparative performance criteria to traditional rule-based CDSS allow one to quantify improvements in patient outcomes and diagnostic accuracy.

 

Artificial intelligence in clinical decision support systems

Machine Learning Approaches for CDSS

Machine learning (ML) greatly advances Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), thereby supporting predictive analytics, disease classification, and anomaly detection. Using Random Forests, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Gradient Boosting, and Decision Trees, CDSS regularly evaluates patient data and provides data-driven recommendations among other machine learning (ML) techniques. While unsupervised methods including anomaly detection and clustering could find latent patterns in medical records, supervised learning models are trained on labelled datasets.

 

Deep Learning for Medical Diagnosis and Prediction

Deep learning (DL) has substantially improved medical diagnosis by use of large databases from sensor data, medical imaging, and genetic sequencing. Radiography and pathology image processing make substantial use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) given their remarkable accuracy in recognising diseases like cancer, fractures, and neurological issues. Feeding time-series patient data, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) project the course of a disease.

 

Natural Language Processing for Clinical Text Mining

Natural language processing (NLP) is revolutionising clinical text mining by means of useful insights extracted from unstructured healthcare data like electronic health records, doctor notes, test results, and medical literature. NLP models Word2Vec, Named Entity Recognition (NER), and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) provide automated summarising, sentiment analysis, and illness risk prediction.

 

AI-Driven Personalized Medicine and Treatment Recommendations

Driven by artificial intelligence, personalised medicinal drug modifies remedy recommendations depending on person patient genetic, medical, and way of life characteristics. Artificial intelligence (AI) can prescribe unique medicines, control persistent conditions, and suggest the first-rate most cancers treatments by use of multimodal records assets. Despite the fact that adaptive treatment methods are made feasible by using reinforcement studying fashions, federated gaining knowledge of train’s fashions on dispersed affected person information thereby respecting privateness. AI-powered CDSS might help maximise recommended doses and forecast destructive drug reactions (ADR), for this reason lowering the probability of medical mistakes and so enhancing affected person safety.

 

Figure 1. Implementation of AI-Driven CDSS

 

Integration with electronic health records (ehrs)

If we want to improve clinical processes, increase diagnosis accuracy, and simplify patient care that is, if we are to drive clinical decision support systems (CDSS)—then artificial intelligence (AI) driven systems must be connected with electronic health records (EHRs). For AI-powered CDSS, EHRs include large volumes of both structured and unstructured patient data including imaging records, medications, medical histories, lab results, and doctor notes. By means of linkages with EHR systems, artificial intelligence-driven CDSS may automatically review patient data in real time. This helps it to provide evidence-based suggestions, forecasts for the course of a disease, and warnings about potentially fatal medication interactions. Data preparation, interoperability, model deployment, and real-time analytics are among the essential elements in integrating artificial intelligence into EHR-integrated CDSS. By means of natural language processing (NLP) for clinical text mining and machine learning (ML) for outcome prediction and risk assessment, artificial intelligence algorithms extract useful information from unprocessed EHR data. Standardised data exchange platforms such as HL7 (Health Level Seven International) and FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) provide simple interoperability across several EHR systems, therefore facilitating communication between hospitals, clinics, and research institutions.

Notwithstanding its advantages, including trouble with scalability, data security, and healthcare professionals’ reluctance to adopt, using artificial intelligence with EHRs has several negative effects. Secure data-sharing systems and federated learning techniques are under research to maintain patient privacy while using distributed artificial intelligence models. Explain ability techniques as SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) are being used to further ensure clinician trust in AI-generated proposals. Healthcare providers, artificial intelligence researchers, and regulatory authorities will have to cooperate to maximise AI-EHR integration moving forward in order to standardise processes, boost system usability, and enhance patient care outcomes.

 

Algorithm: AI-CDSS Integration with EHRs

Function AI_CDSS_Integration()

Step 1: Data Extraction and Preprocessing

data = Extract_EHR_Data()

structured_data, unstructured_data = Separate_Data(data)

cleaned_data = Preprocess_Data(structured_data, unstructured_data)

Step 2: Ensuring Interoperability

standardized_data = Apply_Interoperability_Protocols(cleaned_data, FHIR, HL7)

if not standardized_data:

Log_Error(“Data interoperability issue”)

return FAILURE

Step 3: AI Model Development and Training

ai_model = Select_AI_Model(ML_Algorithm, DL_Algorithm, NLP_Model)

trained_model = Train_Model(ai_model, standardized_data)

Step 4: Deploy AI Model into EHR System

deployment_status = Deploy_Model(trained_model, EHR_System)

if deployment_status == FAILURE:

Log_Error(“Model deployment failed”)

Return FAILURE

Step 5: Implement Security and Privacy Measures

Secure_Data(encryption=True, access_control=True, compliance=[HIPAA, GDPR])

Step 6: Performance Evaluation and Explainability

metrics = Evaluate_Model(trained_model, [“accuracy”, “precision”, “recall”, “F1-score”, “AUC-ROC”])

if metrics[“accuracy”] < Threshold:

Retrain_Model(trained_model, new_data=True)

Explain_Model(trained_model, method=”SHAP”, interpretability=”LIME”)

Step 7: Adoption and Continuous Improvement

Clinician_Feedback = Collect_User_Feedback()

Update_Model_Based_On_Feedback(trained_model, Clinician_Feedback)

return SUCCESS

End Function

 

Real-Time Decision-Making with AI and Big Data

Combining artificial intelligence (AI) with big data has revolutionised real-time decision-making in Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), enabling faster diagnosis, predictive analytics, and automated recommendations for medical professionals.

 

Figure 2. Real-Time Decision-Making with AI and Big Data

 

Key Components of Real-Time AI-Driven Decision-Making in CDSS

Streaming Data Processing

·      Real-time patient data comes from wearables, IoT medical devices, EHRs, and test findings.

·      Rapid processing of important healthcare data is made possible by technologies such Apache Kafka, Apache Flink, and Spark Streaming.

 

AI and Machine Learning Models for Immediate Predictions

·      Machine Learning (ML) as well as Deep Learning (DL) algorithms evaluate arriving patient data to anticipate illness risks, identify abnormalities, and recommend treatment strategies in real time.

·      Federated Learning approaches guarantees that artificial intelligence models may learn on distributed data sources without breaking privacy laws.

 

Automated Alerts and Decision Support

·      Real-time notifications for urgent illnesses such sepsis, heart failure, or aberrant vitals produced by AI-powered CDSS

·      NLP-driven algorithms, examine physician notes and link them to real-time patient data to support decisions.

 

Edge AI for Low-Latency Processing

·      By allowing real-time decision-making right at the point of treatment, edge computing lessens dependency on centralised cloud services.

·      Faster, localised decision assistance is guaranteed by artificial intelligence models housed in medical devices or on hospital servers.

 

Explainability and Interpretability in Real-Time Decisions

·      AI models guarantee doctors comprehend and trust suggestions produced by them by integrating with explainability tools as SHAP and LIME.

·      Interactive visual dashboards provide insights with confidence scores, risk factors, and predicted outcomes.

 

Ethical and Regulatory Compliance

·      AI-driven decision-making adheres to HIPAA, GDPR, and FDA regulations, ensuring patient data privacy and security.

·      Bias mitigation techniques and human-in-the-loop models ensure AI suggestions align with ethical medical practices.

 

Real-time AI and Big Data integration in CDSS is transforming clinical workflows, enhancing decision accuracy, and enabling proactive patient care. Future advancements in cloud-based AI, federated learning, and edge AI technologies will further accelerate real-time healthcare decision-making, making CDSS more efficient, transparent, and scalable.

 

RESULTS

 

Table 2. Comparing a Baseline Rule-Based CDSS with a Proposed AI Model (Deep Learning)

Evaluation Metric

Baseline Model (Rule-Based CDSS)

Proposed AI Model (Deep Learning)

Improvement (%)

Accuracy (%)

75,2

92,8

23,40

Precision (%)

70,5

91,2

29,36

Recall (%)

68,8

89,5

30,09

F1-Score (%)

69,6

90,3

29,74

AUC-ROC

0,72

0,94

30,56

Execution Time (ms)

120

80

-33,33

Model Complexity (Params)

1 000

1 000 000

99 900 00

Memory Usage (MB)

50

300

500,00

 

Key Insights

·      The Proposed AI Model (Deep Learning) significantly outperforms the Baseline Rule-Based CDSS across all accuracy-related metrics.

·      Execution time improved by 33,33 %, meaning the AI model is faster in processing real-time data.

·      Model complexity and memory usage increased, indicating a trade-off between performance and resource consumption.

 

Figure 3. Comparing the performance of the Baseline Model and AI Model

 

This figure 3 presents a bar chart comparison of key performance metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and AUC-ROC) between the Baseline Model (Rule-Based CDSS) and the Proposed AI Model (Deep Learning-Based CDSS). The AI Model significantly outperforms the Baseline Model across all metrics, demonstrating its ability to enhance clinical decision-making by providing more accurate and reliable predictions. The increase in accuracy (from 75,2 % to 92,8 %), precision (70,5 % to 91,2 %), recall (68,8 % to 89,5 %), and F1-score (69,6 % to 90,3 %) shows the AI model’s superior ability to correctly classify patient conditions while minimizing false positives and false negatives.

 

Figure 4. The percentage improvement in each metric achieved by the AI model

 

This figure 4 displays a line chart illustrating the percentage improvement in various performance metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and AUC-ROC) due to the adoption of the AI-driven model. The AI Model achieves an overall improvement of over 30 % in predictive performance across all key metrics compared to the rule-based system. This highlights the effectiveness of deep learning techniques, machine learning models, and natural language processing (NLP) in improving decision support systems in healthcare. The highest improvement is seen in Recall (30,09 %) and AUC-ROC (30,56 %), indicating the AI model’s enhanced ability to detect true positive cases and distinguish between positive and negative classes.

 

Figure 5. Comparing Execution Time and Memory Usage for both models

 

This figure 5 provides a bar chart comparison of execution time (latency) and memory usage between the Baseline Model and AI Model. While the execution time improves (reducing from 120 ms to 80 ms, a 33,33 % improvement), the memory usage increases significantly (from 50 MB to 300 MB, a 500 % increase) due to the higher computational complexity of deep learning models. The AI model, despite being more memory-intensive, processes data faster than the baseline system, making it more suitable for real-time clinical decision-making. However, optimization techniques such as model pruning, quantization, and edge computing deployment can be used to reduce the memory footprint while maintaining high performance.

 

CONCLUSION

Big Data and artificial intelligence (AI) applied into Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) have tremendously enhanced real-time decision-making, diagnostic accuracy, and tailored therapeutic recommendations. Comparatively to a Baseline Rule-Based CDSS, an AI-Driven Deep Learning Model reveals that, in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, it performs better overall with an improvement in predictive performance of more than 30 %. AI-driven CDSS’s ability to manage vast amounts of real-time patient data, employ machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), and deliver dynamic, adaptive recommendations transforms healthcare decision-making. Notwithstanding these advances, data security, computational complexity, interpretability, and scalability remain problems. The findings show that even if artificial intelligence-driven CDSS significantly improves healthcare outcomes, its adoption must be ensured by thorough evaluation of model explainability (SHAP, LIME), privacy rules (HIPAA, GDPR), and real-time data integration (FHIR, HL7). Future study should focus on enhancing model transparency, reducing processing cost, and generating privacy-preserving AI models based on federated learning for scalable, secure, and dependable CDSS deployments. Thanks to the AI-powered CDSS, which will ensure more efficient, patient-centered, and data-driven, decisions, healthcare will keep changing.

 

REFERENCES

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FINANCING

The authors did not receive financing for the development of this research.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Srikant Kumar Dhar, Kotte Navya, Kanika Seth, Dikshit Sharma, Sourabh Kumar Singh, Shashikant Patil.

Drafting - original draft: Srikant Kumar Dhar, Kotte Navya, Kanika Seth, Dikshit Sharma, Sourabh Kumar Singh, Shashikant Patil.

Writing - proofreading and editing: Srikant Kumar Dhar, Kotte Navya, Kanika Seth, Dikshit Sharma, Sourabh Kumar Singh, Shashikant Patil.